Effect of constant light and immobilization stress on rat submandibular saliva secretory response induced by cholinergic and peptidergic agonists

The aim of this work was to analyse the parasympathetic control of submandibular saliva secretory response to cholinergic and peptidergic agonists in rats chronically exposed to constant light or repeated immobilization. Thirty two adult male Wistar rats were used: LL (8 rats exposed to constant light for 20 days), IMO (8 rats submitted to 14:10 h light: dark cycle and immobilized 2 hours daily for 7 days), and control (16 rats not exposed to stress and submitted to 14:10 hours light:dark cycle). Saliva was collected under anesthesia from the salivary ducts of submandibular glands under increasing doses of methacholine and substance P. Secretory responses (µg/saliva/mg dry weight gland) to methacholine were significantly higher in LL and IMO groups compared to control for the following doses (µg/kg body weight): 3 (153±9 versus 46±3, p<0.001 and 76±3 versus 40±3, p<0.001), 10 (379±23 versus 277±8, p<0.001 and 275±19 versus 250±10, p<0.01) and 30 (729±25 versus 695±19, p<0.05 and 1008±39 versus 640±20, p<0.001). Also, responses to substance P were significantly increased in LL and IMO groups compared to control for the following doses: 0.2 (80±3 versus 30±3, p<0.01 and 94±16 versus 31±3, p<0.001), 0.5 (328±20 versus 231±16, p<0.01 and 531±31 versus 219±25,p<0.001), 1 (681±35 versus 547±30, p<0.01 and 1031±63 versus 563±53, p<0.001), and 5 (2222±88 versus 1868±59, p<0.01 and 3230±145 versus 1921±218, p<0.001). In conclusion, supersensitivity of secretory response to both agonists suggests that chronic exposure of rats to stressors capable of activating the sympathetic adrenal system promotes inhibition of the parasympathetic control of salivary secretion.

Infiltración de onabotulinumtoxin a para el tratamiento de la sialorrea en niños con diagnóstico de parálisis cerebral: estudio de casos / Onabotulinumtoxin a injection for the treatment of sialorrheain children with cerebral palsy: case series

Sialorrhea is a common oral motor impairment related to various neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy (CP), generating both physical and psychological complications that affect the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. Objective: To determine the clinical reduction of sialorrhea after injection with onabotulinumtoxin A (BTXA) in children diagnosed with CP. Methods: In 8 children 4-15 years of age, with GMFCS between II and V, injection with BTXA was performed in parotid and submandibular glands under ultrasound guidance. Measurement of salivation was made at baseline and 2, 4, 16, and 24 weeks post-infiltration through the Drooling Impact Scale (DIE), the Drooling Quotient (DQ) and the Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS). Results: All children showed a significant reduction in salivation measured with the DQ (p < 0.002), the DIE (p < 0.002). Similarly, all children showed a 1 point reduction in the frequency subcomponent of the DSFS at 4 weeks post-injection. The severity subcomponent of DSFS showed a 1 point reduction only in the group of children with GMFCS II and IV. Conclusion: The use of BTXA in parotid and submandibular glands under ultrasound guidance is an effective intervention to reduce salivation, the severity and frequency of drooling, as well as the impact that sialorrhea has on patients and caregivers.

La sialorrea es consecuencia de una alteración motora oral frecuente en diversos trastornos neurológicos, como la parálisis cerebral (PC), generando complicaciones tanto físicas como psicosociales que impactan en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Objetivo: Determinar la reducción clínica de sialorrea después de la infiltración de Onabotulinumtoxin A (BTXA) en niños con diagnóstico de PC. Pacientes y Métodos: En 8 niños de 4 a 15 años de edad, con GMFCS entre II y V, se realizó una infiltración con BTXA en glándulas parótida y submandibular bajo guía ecográfica. Se efectuó una medición basal de la salivación y en diferentes semanas post infiltración (2ª, 4ª, 8ª, 16ª y 24ª), a través de la Escala de Impacto de la Sialorrea (EIS), el Cociente de Salivación (DQ) y la Escala de Severidad y Frecuencia de la Sialorrea (DSFS). Resultados: Todos los niños presentaron una reducción significativa de la salivación en la evaluación con el DQ (p < 0,002) y la EIS (p < 0,002). En la DSFS en el subcomponente de frecuencia baja 1 punto posterior a la 4ª semana de infiltración en el total de los niños. En cambio, en el subcomponente de severidad baja 1 punto sólo en el grupo de GMFCS II y IV. Conclusión: El uso de BTXA en glándulas parótidas y submandibulares bajo guía ecográfica es un método de intervención efectivo para disminuir la salivación, la severidad y frecuencia de la sialorrea, así como el impacto que causa esta patología en los pacientes y cuidadores.

Translation and Validation of a Korean Version of the Xerostomia Inventory in Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome

This study was conducted to generate and validate a cross-culturally adapted Korean version of the xerostomia inventory (XI), an 11-item questionnaire designed to measure the severity of xerostomia. The original English version of the XI was translated into Korean according to the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality-of-life measures. Among a prospective cohort of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) in Korea, 194 patients were analyzed. Internal consistency was evaluated by using Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest reliability was obtained by using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Construct validity was investigated by performing a correlation analysis between XI total score and salivary flow rate (SFR). Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.868, and the ICC for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.48 to 0.827, with a median value of 0.72. Moderate negative correlations between XI score and stimulated SFR, unstimulated SFR, and differential (stimulated minus unstimulated) SFR were observed (Spearman's rho, ρ = -0.515, -0.447, and -0.482, respectively; P < 0.001). The correlation analysis between the visual analogue scale (VAS) score of overall dryness and SFR indicated a smaller ρ value (-0.235 [P = 0.006], -0.243 [P = 0.002], and -0.252 [P = 0.003], respectively), which supports that XI more accurately reflects the degree of xerostomia in the pSS patients. In conclusion, the Korean version of the XI is a reliable tool to estimate the severity of xerostomia in patients with pSS.

Relationship between Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio and Electrocardiographic Ischemia Grade in STEMI / Associação entre a Relação Neutrófilos/Linfócitos e o Grau de Isquemia Eletrocardiográfica no IAMEST

Background: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been found to be a good predictor of future adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Changes in the QRS terminal portion have also been associated with adverse outcomes following STEMI. Objective: To investigate the relationship between ECG ischemia grade and NLR in patients presenting with STEMI, in order to determine additional conventional risk factors for early risk stratification. Methods: Patients with STEMI were investigated. The grade of ischemia was analyzed from the ECG performed on admission. White blood cells and subtypes were measured as part of the automated complete blood count (CBC) analysis. Patients were classified into two groups according to the ischemia grade presented on the admission ECG, as grade 2 ischemia (G2I) and grade 3 ischemia (G3I). Results: Patients with G3I had significantly lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction than those in G2I (44.58 ± 7.23 vs. 48.44 ± 7.61, p = 0.001). As expected, in-hospital mortality rate increased proportionally with the increase in ischemia grade (p = 0.036). There were significant differences in percentage of lymphocytes (p = 0.010) and percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.004), and therefore, NLR was significantly different between G2I and G3I patients (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only NLR was the independent variable with a significant effect on ECG ischemia grade (odds ratio = 1.254, 95% confidence interval 1.120–1.403, p < 0.001). Conclusion: We found an association between G3I and elevated NLR in patients with STEMI. We believe that such an association might provide an additional prognostic value for risk stratification in patients with STEMI when combined with standardized risk scores. .

Fundamento: A relação neutrófilos/linfócitos (N/L) tem sido descrita como boa preditora de eventos cardiovasculares adversos futuros em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST (IAMEST). Mudanças na porção terminal do complexo QRS também têm sido associadas a eventos adversos após IAMEST. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre o grau de isquemia no ECG e a relação N/L em pacientes com IAMEST para determinar fatores de risco convencionais adicionais na estratificação precoce de risco. Métodos: Pacientes com IAMEST foram investigados. O grau de isquemia foi analisado a partir do ECG obtido à admissão. A contagem de leucócitos e seus subtipos foi realizada a partir de hemograma automatizado. De acordo com o grau de isquemia presente no ECG de admissão, os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, isquemia grau 2 (IG2) e isquemia grau 3 (IG3). Resultados: Pacientes com IG3 apresentaram valores médios significativamente menores de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo do que os pacientes com IG2 (44,58 ± 7,23 versus 48,44 ± 7,61; p = 0,001). Como esperado, a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar aumentou proporcionalmente com o aumento no grau de isquemia (p = 0,036). Houve diferenças significativas nas porcentagens de linfócitos (p = 0,010) e de neutrófilos (p = 0,004) e, portanto, a relação N/L diferiu significativamente entre pacientes com IG2 e IG3 (p < 0,001). À análise de regressão logística multivariada, apenas a relação N/L emergiu como variável independente com efeito significativo sobre o grau de isquemia no ECG (odds ratio = 1,254; intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,120-1,403; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Nós encontramos uma associação entre IG3 e relação N/L aumentada em pacientes com IAMEST. Acreditamos que esta associação possa oferecer um valor prognóstico adicional para estratificação de risco em pacientes com IAMEST quando usado em combinação com escores de risco padronizados. .

Aplicação de técnicas radiográficas para o diagnóstico diferencial de tonsilolito / Application of radiographic techniques for differential diagnosis of tonsillolith

A radiografia panorâmica é um dos exames radiográficos mais utilizados na rotina odontológica, existindo grande possibilidade do cirurgião-dentista se deparar com achados radiográficos. Dentre estes, destacam-se as calcificações patológicas encontradas na região de ramo mandibular, tais como sialolito, tonsilolito, calcificações de linfonodos e de vasos sanguíneos. As calcificações patológicas podem possuir aspecto radiográfico semelhante em uma radiografia panorâmica, sendo necessária a complementação com outras técnicas radiográficas a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma revisão da literatura a respeito das características radiográficas das calcificações de tecidos moles mais comuns da clínica odontológica. Além disso, é demonstrada a aplicação de técnicas radiográficas no diagnóstico diferencial de tonsilolitos. Diante do exposto, concluiu-se que a associação de técnicas extrabucais é uma importante ferramenta para o preciso diagnóstico de sialolitos, escleroses ósseas e tonsilolitos.

Estudo prospectivo do uso do betanecol na fisiologia de glândulas salivares em pacientes irradiados em região de cabeça e pescoço / A prospective study of bethanechol in the salivary glands physiology in patient following head and neck radiotherapy

Introdução: Xerostomia e/ou hipossalivação são complicações frequentes em pacientes submetidos à radioterapia em região de cabeça e pescoço. Estes efeitos adversos aumentam o risco de cárie dentária, dificuldades em mastigar, engolir e dormir, causando impacto significativo na qualidade de vida. Objetivos: Verificar se o uso profilático do betanecol durante a Radioterapia Conformada Tridimensional (RTC3D) ou Radioterapia com Intensidade Modulada do Feixe (IMRT) em região de cabeça e pescoço, reduz a queixa de xerostomia, mantém o fluxo salivar e a função das glândulas salivares. Além disso, comparar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes irradiados com e sem o uso da medicação. Método: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo duplo-cego, avaliando 97 pacientes randomizados e alocados nos Grupos betanecol (n=48) ou placebo (n=49). Os pacientes utilizaram 25mg de betanecol ou placebo duas vezes ao dia, iniciando no primeiro dia da radioterapia e mantendo até 1 mês após o tratamento. A intensidade da xerostomia foi avaliada semanalmente, desde o início até 3 meses após o término do tratamento. Foram realizados sialometria, cintilografia das glândulas salivares e questionário de qualidade de vida da Universidade de Washington (QQV-UW) em 3 Fases: Fase 1 (previamente a radioterapia); Fase 2 (entre 30-35 Gy); Fase 3 (após 60 dias da radioterapia). Resultados: Em relação à intensidade da xerostomia, os pacientes que fizeram uso da medicação apresentaram menores queixas de boca seca durante todo o período de avaliação (p<0,001). Analisando os exames de sialometria, foi observado que tanto na Fase 2 quanto na 3, o Grupo betanecol apresentou saliva não-estimulada e estimulada significantemente maior que o placebo (p<0,05). Em relação aos resultados da cintilografia, a porcentagem média de captação da parótida e excreção da submandibular do Grupo betanecol foi significativamente maior que do Grupo placebo (p<0,05). ...

Cell markers for ecotoxicological studies in target organs of bees

Bees are important pollinators that, because of extensive deforestation of their natural habitats, now forage widely in agricultural areas. This interaction with human agricultural activity has led to a reduction in the number of bee species because of contact with widely used pesticides. However, little is known about the adverse effects that exposure to such agents has on bee tissues and organs. In this review, we discuss the morphological alterations induced by environmental contaminants in the midgut and Malpighian tubules of bees; these two organs are involved in the absorption and excretion of toxic compounds, respectively. We also discuss the role of heat shock proteins, also known as stress proteins, in the cellular response to chemical compounds, and the importance of cell death as an indicator of the toxicity of these compounds. The analysis of these two cellular markers may be useful for monitoring bees that forage in agricultural areas.

Efeito do licor de absinto e do seu princípio ativo (thujone) proveniente da losna (arthemisia absinthium) nas glândulas salivares de ratos / Effect of the absinthe and its active component (thujone) of the Arthemisia absinthium on the salivary glands of the rats

Introdução - O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar , através do microscópio de luz , as glândulas salivares de ratos tratados com álcool, absinto ou seu princípio ativo, thujone (extraído da Arthemisia absinthium ). Material e Métodos - Vinte ratos machos (Wistar) foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle, tratados com álcool, absinto, e thujone. A administração das drogas foi feita por via oral, controlada diariamente através do volume ingerido. Os animais do grupo controle sofreram os mesmos procedimentos com água comum. Após 13 dias do início do experimento, os ratos foram sacrificados, sendo suas glândulas salivares removidas e submetidas às técnicas laboratoriais e de coloração, para a análise em microscópio comum. Resultados - Foram observadas alterações morfológicas nos ratos que receberam álcool, thujone e absinto. As glândulas salivares dos ratos tratados com absinto apresentaram alterações mais acentuadas, ilustradas pela presença de células dismórficas, atrofia e fibrose. Conclusão - Pelos resultados encontrados, o absinto exacerba as lesões celulares induzidas pelo álcool nas glândulas salivares de ratos.

Introduction - The aim of this study was to evaluate on light microscopy the glands salivary of rats treated with ethanol, absinthe and its active principle, thujone (removed from Arthemisia absinthium). Material and Methods - Twenty male rats (Wistar) were used that were equally divided in 4 groups: control, treated with absinthe, treated with ethanol and, the last, treated with thujone. The drugs administration was done in oral way, daily checked trough the control of ingested volume. The animals of the control group had the same procedure, with common water. After 13 days of the start of the experiment, the rats were killed with anesthetic overdose and their glands salivary were removed a submitted to the laboratorial routine process to the embedding on paraffin. The cuts were stained using H&E and analysed on light microscopy. Results - Morphological changes were observed on the glands salivary of the rats treated with absinthe, thujone and ethanol. The glands salivary of the rats treated with absinthe showed more accentuated alterations, comparing with the animals treated with ethanol or thujone, showed by dimorphism cell, atrophy and fibrosis. Conclusion - The results indicated that absinthe exacerbate the cellular lesions induced by ethanol that occur on the salivary glands in rats.

Rincones olvidados de la gastroenterología II: las glándulas salivales y el papel de la saliva / Forgotten corners of the gastrointestinal tract ii: the salivary glands and the role of saliva

Los gastroenterólogos consideramos que el tubo digestivo comienza en el esófago y no nos vemos enfrentados a la patología oral. Por ello le otorgamos poca importancia al papel que cumple la saliva. El papel de la saliva tiende a asociarse con la boca solamente. Sin embargo, ella no sólo cumple un papel importante en la defensa de la cavidad oral sino que también del esófago y en cierta medida también del estómago. Revisaremos sucintamentela composición de la saliva y la regulación de su secreción. Describiremos el rol fisiológico de la saliva y detallaremos especialmente cuales son los mecanismos por los cuales constituye la primera línea en la defensa del esófago contra el reflujo ácido, así como su posible papel complementario en la protección gástrica. La importancia de la saliva se hace muy manifiestaaquellos pacientes que sufren de hipofunción de las glándulas salivales. Revisaremos las causas más frecuentes de disfunción salival, las más frecuentes de las cuales son de origen iatrogénico y analizaremos su impacto en la fisiología digestiva.

As gastroenterologists, we tend to assume that the digestive tract begins at the esophagus and are not faced with oral pathology. That is why we tend to overlook the role of saliva. Saliva is usually associated only with the mouth. Yet, saliva not only has a role in the defense of the oral cavity but also of the esophagus and, up to a certain extent, ofthe stomach. We shall briefly review the composition of saliva and the regulation of its secretion. We will analyze the physiologic role of saliva and specifically detail which arethe mechanisms by which it constitutes a first line of defense of the esophagus against acid reflux and also its possible additional role in the protection of the stomach. The importance of saliva is clearly illustrated in individuals suffering from salivary glands hypofunction. We shall review the most frequent causes of salivary gland dysfunction, the most frequent of which derive from iatrogenic causes, and analyze its impact on digestive physiology.

La saliva: revisión sobre composición, función y usos diagnósticos: primera parte / Saliva: a review about its composition, function and diagnostic uses: first part

Los investigadores, científicos, y una diversidad de disciplinas clínicas, han incrementado actualmente el uso de los análisis de saliva para el diagnóstico de enfermedades sistémicas, el monitoreo de la salud corporal y como indicador de riesgo, creando una estrecha relación entre la salud bucal y general. La introducción de nuevas tecnologías al área clínica, como las pruebas sensibles (ELISA), han ayudado a distinguir la gama de los componentes salivales y su función, que son biomarcadores de cambios en la salud humana. El fluido salival también ha tomado gran importancia en la exploracion de situaciones clínicas que afectan las glándulas salivales y en estudios epidemiológicos; su facilidad como método no invasivo en la colección de muestras, está siendo una alternativa efectiva para los pacientes, reduciendo notablemente el drama y la ansiedad de otras muestras como sangre y orina

Avaliaçäo do fluxo salivar total näo estimulado, após o emprego do lauril-dietileno-glicol-éter-sulfato de sódio associado ao hidróxido de cálcio em pacientes irradiados com carcinoma espinocelular da boca e orofaringe / Total salivary non stimulated flow evaluation, after radiotherapy for pacients with mouth and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma with the asssociation of lauryl-dietylene-glycol-ether sodium sulphate and calcium hydroxide

Introdução: Avaliar quantitativamente o índice de fluxosalivar total não estimulado de pacientes portadores de carcinoma espinocelular de boca e orofaringe, após tratamento radioterápico, exclusivo, tratados com a associação de lauril-dietileno-glicol-éter-sulfato de sódio e hidróxido de cálcio. Forma de estudo: Prospectivo clínico não randomizado. Método: o fluxo salivar foi avaliado em 11 pacientes (n=ll) em três fases: 1ª.) durante sete semanas,quando foram submetidos à telecobaltoterapia na dose total de 7.000 cGy, sem utilização de medicamento para estimular a salivação; 2ª.) em seguida, durante oito semanas após o tratamento radioterápico, quando os pacientes utilizaram a associação medicamentosa como estimulante da salivação; 3ªú) finalmente, durante oito semanas após ter sidointerrompido o tratamento com a associação de drogas.Resultados: os valores obtidos foram analisados com vistasa avaliação da eficácia da medicação utilizada para evitar a hipofunção salivar no período pós-radioterapia. Dos 11 pacientes, 10 apresentaram melhora significante dos índices de fluxo salivar com o uso da associação de drogas, em relação aos valores do período final do tratamento radioterápico, e mantiveram esses índices mesmo com a suspensão do medicamento. Conclusões: a associação de drogas foi eficaz no tratamento da hipofunção salivar, e proporcionou aumento do índice salivar total não estimulado em 10 dos 11 pacientes, sendo esse aumento mantido por dois meses após a interrupção do uso do medicamento

Quantitative assessment of salivary gland function by radioisotopic scanning in a randomized trial of pilocarpine for prevention of radiation induced xerostomia

Radioisotope scanning is the best method for objective assessment of salivary gland function. Thus, it was used in a randomized trial of concomitant pilocarpine for assessment of radiation-induced xerostomia, in addition to subjective evaluation by an approved questionnaire and objective standard xerostomia grading. Patients randomized in placebo-controlled trial of pilocarpine concurrent with irradiation for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia were evaluated by salivary gland scintigraphy immediately before and 6 months after the end of head and neck radiotherapy. Salivary gland function was measured by ejection fraction [EF] of Technetium-99m pertechnetate. The mean values for pre and post-radiotherapy scans were calculated and compared. Also post-radiotherapy scan findings in the two groups of pilocarpine and placebo were compared using the student's t-test. In addition, comparison was made between the scan results and the subjective findings and objective gradings. Twenty patients underwent the pre-radiotherapy salivary scintigraphy, and also 20 post-radiotherapy scans were performed. Mean parotid EF was 60.85% in the pre-radiotherapy and 9.08% in the post-radiotherapy scans [P<0.01]. The means for submandibular glands in the pre and post-radiotherapy scans were 41% and 11.2%, respectively [P<0.01]. Also the mean EF was 14.5% in the pilocarpine group and 3.65 in the placebo group for parotid glands [P=0.07] and 18.3% and 4.1% respectively for submandibular glands [P<0.05]. The salivary scans confirmed the subjective and objective xerostomia findings. Salivary gland scintigraphy is a valuable method for evaluation of xerostomia after head and neck radiotherapy, quantitatively demonstrating the protective effect of pilocarpine compared to placebo on salivary glands

Patología de las glándulas salivales / Salivary glands pathology

Se presenta una actualización y revisión sobre una de las patologías menos frecuentes; pero de mucha importancia clínica debido en primer lugar a las estructuras anatómicas que involucra y a la función que ejercen; como ser las glándulas salivales. Se describe la anatomía y semiología de las glándulas mayores( Parótida, submaxilar y sublingual) y de las glándulas menores de la cavidad bucal: lengua, paladar blando, naso y orofaringe; y las principales patologías en las cuales dichas glándulas se encuentran alteradas

Reduction of secretory responses of salivary glands to cholinergic and adrenergic silogogues in rats in early stages of diabetes mellitus

A dry mouth caused by decreased salivary secretion is a common complication in human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced in rats using two different pancreatic Beta-cells toxins, streptozotocin [STZ] and alloxan. Two weeks after induction of diabetes, pilocarpine-, isoproterenol-, and phenylephrine-induced salivary secretion were estimated and compared to control normal rats. Diabetic rats showed significant decrease in the total volume of crude saliva in response to pilocarpine and isoproterenol but not to phenylephrine. Correction of the diabetic condition by giving insulin subcutaneously resulted in significant improvement of salivary glands response to sialogogues. Taken together, these results suggest that salivary glands dysfunction that occurs early in diabetes is probably due to metabolic deterioration in the acinar cells due to insulin insufficiency, rather than due to developing autonomic neuropathy that may affect salivary glands function in long-term diabetes

Estudio estructural y morfométrico de las glándulas salivales de gorrión (Passer Domesticus) durante invierno y verano / A structural and morphometric study of the salivary glands of the House sparrow (Passer Domesticus) during winter and summer

Se realizó el estudio estructural, citoquímico y morfométrico de glándulas salivales de gorrión con el fin de detectar adaptaciones histofisiológicas por la dieta y necesidades nutricionales durante las estaciones del año. Se emplearon 40 gorriones provenientes de Villa Los Aromos (Alta Gracia) capturados en invierno y verano. Las glándulas bucales se estudiaron con HE, PAS, Alcian Blue y Azul de Toluidina. El análisis cuantitativo del desarrollo y tamaño glandular se realizó según el método de Kielian y Cohn. No se observaron modificaciones estructurales ni citoquímicas en las distintas glándulas. La proporción entre las diferentes glándulas (angularis oris, maxilares y mandibulares externas e internas) muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sí, que se mantienen constantes durante las estaciones del año analizadas. Se concluye que estas glándulas no muestran patrones distintos para el invierno y el verano, épocas en que la vegetación y la fauna se modifican con variaciones en la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios. El patrón glandular constante correspondería a la determinación genética de la especie y a la dieta que en invierno y verano se adaptaría en su componentes animales y vegetales a los requerimientos metabólicos estacionales

A 28-fold increase in secretory protein synthesis is associated with DNA puff activity in the salivary gland of Bradysia Hygida (Diptera, Sciaridae)

When the first group of DNA puffs is active in the salivary gland regions S1 and S3 of Bradysia hygida larvae, there is a large increase in the production and secretion of new salivary proteins demonstrable by [3H]-Leu incorporation. The present study shows that protein separation by SDS-PAGE and detection by fluorography demonstrated that polypeptides range in molecular mass from about 23 to 100 kDa. Furthermore, these proteins were synthesized mainly in the S1 and S3 salivary gland regions where the DNA puffs C7,C5,C4 and B10 are conspicuous, while in the S2 region protein synthesis was very low. Others have shown that the extent of amplification for DNA sequences that code for mRNA in the DNA puffs C4 and B10 was about 22 and 10 times, respectively. The present data for this group of DNA puffs are consistent with the proposition that gene amplification is necessary to provide some cells with additional gene copies for the production of massive amounts of proteins within a short period of time (Spradling AC and Mahowald AP (1980) Proccedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 77: 1096-1100).

Xerostomia: manejo ambulatorial / Xerostomia: ambulatorial management

Xerostomia, ou boca seca, é um sintoma frequentemente encontrado em pacientes ambulatoriais de qualquer especialidade, porém pouco considerado por médicos e mesmo pelos próprios pacientes. A qualidade de vida daqueles com o sintoma é sensivelmente prejudicada, havendo incidência elevada de lesöes ulceradas na mucosa oral, candidíase, cáries e outras complicaçöes. Várias säo as causas básicas do sintoma, incluindo drogas xerostogênicas, principalmente as anticolinérgicas, irradiaçäo de glândulas salivares e doenças reumáticas, especificamente síndrome de Sjögren. Os autores revisam a fisiopatologia das glândulas salivares e concentram as atençöes no manejo ambulatorial do sintoma, a partir de medidas, farmacológicas ou näo, acessíveis a um ambulatório näo especializado. Ao final, sugerem estudo mais detalhado quanto ao uso do cloridrato de policarpina, parassimpaticomimético utilizado como colírio oftálmico, como opçäo medicamentosa.

Tumores de glándulas salivares mayores / Tumors of mayor salivary glands

Los tumores de glándulas salivares (GS) representan entre el 3 y 6 por ciento de los tumores de cabeza y cuello y menos del 1 por ciento de la patología quirúrgica general. Su baja incidencia determina, a veces, diagnósticos incorrectos, porque no se piensa en esa posibilidad y por otra parte, la ubicación anatómica de estas glándulas próximas a troncos vasculares mayores, pares craneanos y mucosa oral hacen difícil su tratamiento, el que habitualmente es de naturaleza quirúrgica. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar el conocimiento de los métodos diagnósticos y precisar las tendencias actuales de tratamiento de los tumores de GS mayores, con el propósito de facilitar su pesquisa y su derivación por el médico general y así optimizar su tratamiento a nivel de especialistas